Interesting things you should know about NPM
About NPM
Nigeria poverty map dashboard is a web-based tool that integrates various sources of data, created to provide easy access to up-to-date credible data on poverty at national level and across subnational regions in Nigeria. It provides valuable information using statistical tools and techniques which allow users to explore data on Multidimensional Poverty and deprivations across the dimensions of health, education, living standards, work and shocks, and child development and survival. Additionally, it serves as a tool to guide Stakeholders in Nigeria in their efforts to address poverty in all its forms and dimensions.
The Nigeria MPI can also be disaggregated by other vulnerable populations, such as children or disability status.
Developing the Nigeria Multidimensional Poverty Index
In August 2019, the Federal Government of Nigeria committed to empowering an additional 100 million people to escape extreme poverty by 2030. This means that, on average, 10 million people must be lifted out of poverty each year, starting from 2020. Unfortunately, given the adverse impact of COVID-19 on livelihoods, and unemployment, the country is already behind on achieving this ambition. Thus, there was need for a holistic and precise evidence-based approach to poverty reduction. Rapid and large-scale policy responses are required to protect those who are facing several forms of deprivations and have been further affected by the pandemic.
How can policy actors access evidence on the multiple vulnerabilities people face, and respond decisively to COVID-19 and other factors inducing poverty in Nigeria, without unintentionally creating even worse situations for many people? Only evidence-based, up-to-date data can answer this and subsequently inform policy decisions to mitigate the secondary impact of containment efforts as well as rebuilding efforts. Likewise, there is the need to assess the impact of new deprivations on households, such as job losses during lockdown, which may lead to increased social unrest, insecurity and restiveness.
This is the context in which the Nigeria MPI 2022 survey was conducted. In line with the Federal Government mandate to lift 100 million Nigerians out of poverty, the establishment of this data repository that captures multi-sectoral, subnational poverty data is essential. The Nigeria MPI (2022) is designed to be used as a policy tool to identify the most vulnerable people across States, show aspects in which they are deprived and, consequently, to target resources and design policies more effectively.
The Nigeria MPI (2022) is an official measurement for Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 1, which analyses nonmonetary deprivations and their interconnections, to enable the creation of high-impact policies that address multiple interconnected deprivations and accelerate progress towards the SDGs. It also captures the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on poverty and deprivations, especially among urban poor people, providing an updated estimate on the population who are multidimensionally poor in addition to being in monetary poverty. The Nigeria MPI 2022 differs from the Nigeria MPI 2018 as it provides in-depth assessment of multidimensional poverty across all States and senatorial districts in Nigeria, unlike the Nigeria MPI 2018 which focused purely on advancing development in North East Nigeria. Unlike previous MPI surveys, the Nigeria MPI 2022 Survey includes additional variables—such as food security, water reliability, underemployment, security shocks and school lag, plus child deprivations to create an even more comprehensive picture of poverty. It also includes a section on estimating sub-national multidimensional poverty among children, as nearly half of all Nigerians are under the age of 18.
The results of the Nigeria MPI 2022 will enable Nigeria to undertake evidence-based policy making and implement programmes to improve the lives of people, especially at the grassroots level. The primary goal is to use the Nigeria MPI 2022 data to design evidence-based and targeted poverty reduction interventions to support the initiative for lifting 100 million people out of poverty by 2030.
FROM THE 2018 TO THE 2022 NIGERIA MPI
In 2018, Nigeria published its first National MPI, constructed by the National Bureau of Statistics, in the Human Development Report (UNDP, 2018). However, subsequent consultations with stakeholder groups concluded that additional indicators were needed to accurately reflect poverty following the pandemic—including among children. The Nigeria MPI 2022 survey questionnaire therefore included additional variables that were relevant given the new context and national priorities—such as food security, water reliability, underemployment, security shocks, school lag and child deprivations.
The Nigeria MPI 2022 has four dimensions: health, education, living standards, and work and shocks. The number of indicators, and their ambition, have increased. Security shocks were raised in consultations and have been added to the work dimension, which also now includes underemployment. Food security and time to healthcare have been added to the health dimension. School lag has been added to the education dimension as a proxy for quality, and water reliability added to living standards.
The Nigeria MPI 2022 also has a linked Child MPI. This Child MPI extends the National MPI to include appropriate indicators for children under 5, by adding a fifth dimension of child survival and development.
This additional dimension contains eight vital aspects of early childhood development in physical and cognitive domains—including severe undernutrition, immunisation, intellectually stimulating activities, and preschool. While it does not offer individual-level data, it uncovers additional children who according to the extra dimension should qualify as multidimensionally poor.
ROBUSTNESS OF THE NIGERIA MPI 2022
Exploring the robustness of the Nigeria MPI was a key aspect of its development. It is crucial that an official poverty measure is not overly sensitive to small changes in its structure, such as the chosen poverty cutoff or the weights assigned to the different dimensions and indicators. A series of rigorous statistical tests were conducted (see Appendix B of the Nigeria Multidimensional Poverty Index Report 2022) and the Nigeria MPI was found to be stable and robust to changes in the poverty cutoff and weighting structure.
Nigeria MPI 2022 – Dimensions, Indicators, Deprivation Cutoffs, Links to SDGs, and Weight
The National MPI 2022 — dimensions, indicators, deprivation cutoffs, links to SDGs and weights
| Dimension | Indicator | Deprivation cutoff: a household is deprived if… | SDG Goal, Target or Indicator | Weight |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health | Nutrition | A household is deprived if any child under the age of 5 is undernourished (i.e. stunted or underweight) or if there is any adult household member with a body mass index lower than 18.5 | 2.2.1/2 | 1/12 |
| Food Security | The household is severely food insecure according to the Food insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) (>=7 answers affirmatively)7 | 2.1.2 | 1/12 | |
| Time to healthcare | A household is deprived if it takes them 30 minutes or more to reach the nearest functional health facility or primary healthcare centre on foot | 3.8 | 1/12 | |
| Education | School attendance | A household is deprived if any child between the age of 6 and 15 years is not attending school | 4.1.1 | 1/32 |
| Years of schooling | A household is deprived if any child aged 15 years and above has completed primary school | 4.6 | 1/8 | |
| School tag | A household is deprived if any child who is school age + 2 years (8-17 years of age) is educationally lagging at least two years (grades) behind | 4.1.1 | 1/32 | |
| Living Standards | Water | A household does not have access to safe drinking water (according to SDG guidelines)8 | 3.9.2 | 1/24 |
| Water reliability | A household is deprived if they have drinking water available for fewer than 20 days per month or for fewer than 4 hours per day | 6.1 | 1/24 | |
| Sanitation | The household’s sanitation facility is not improved (according to SDG guidelines)9, or it is improved but shared with other households | 3.9.2 | 1/24 | |
| Housing materials | The household has a natural/rudimentary floor, root or wall10 | 11.1.1 | 1/24 | |
| Cooking fuel | The household cooks with dung, wood or charcoal | 3.9.1 | 1/24 | |
| Assets | The household has fewer than two assest11 and does not own a car | 1 | 1/24 | |
| Work & Shocks | Unemployment | The household is deprived if any member aged 15 years and above is unemployment –not in employment, but looking for work and available for work | 8.5.2 | 1/10 |
| Underemployment | A household is deprived if at least one household member aged 15 years and above is working fewer than 40 hours per week but is available and willing to do extra hours of work | 8.5 | 1/20 | |
| Security shock | A household is deprived if it is experienced at least one shock,12 and has not recovered at least ‘mostly’13 from themost severe shock experienced. | 16.1.1/3/4 | 1/10 |
- In line with the FIES of the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), households are identified as being severely food insecure if they answer yes to at least seven of the following eight questions: during the last 30 days, was there a time when you or any other adult member of your household:
- Were worried about not having enough food to eat because of money or other resources?
- Were unable to eat healthy and nutritious/preferred food because of lack of money or other resources?
- Ate only a few kinds of food because of lack of money or other resources?
- Skipped a meal because of lack of money or other resources?
- Ate less than you thought you should because of lack of money or other resources?
- Ran out of food because of money or other resources?
- Were hungry but did not eat because of lack money or other resources?
- Went without eating for a whole day bacause of money or other resources?
- Water sources considered to be not improved are: unprotected well; unprotected spring; rainwater collection; tanker truck; cart with small tank ; surface water (river,lakes); sachet water; and other non-improved sources.
- Unimproved sanitation facilities include: flush to somewhere else or unknown place (not sewer system, septic tank, or pit(latrine)); pit latrine without slab; bucket; hanging toilet or latrine; and no or other non-improved sanitation facility.
- Natural or rudimentary housing materials are:
- Floors: natural floors: earth/sand; dung. Rudimental floor: wood planks; palm/bamboo.
- Roofs: no roofs; natural roofing; thatch/palm leaf, Rudimentary roofing: rustic mat; palm/bamboo; wood planks; cardboard/plastic sheeting.
- Walls: natural walls: no walls; cane/palm/trunks/thatch; dirt/earth. Rudimentary walls: bamboo with mud; stone with mud; uncovered adobe/mud brick; plywood; cardboard; reused wood.
- These assets include: radio; TV; refrigerator; bicycle; motorbike; landline phone; mobile phone; PC; and animal cart.
- A household is deprived if it experienced at least one of the following over the past 12 months and has not recovered from the most traumatic event:
- Someone got into your home without permission and stole or tried to steal something.
- Someone deliberately damaged or destroyed your home, shop or any other property that you or your household owns.
- Something was stolen from a member of your household outside your home.
- Someone was physically assaulted (injured, slapped, punched or kicked).
- Someone was raped or attempted rape.
- Someone was killed in an attack by another person.
- Household was displaced as a result of herdsmen, banditry, flood, violence between communities, etc.
- Someone died as a result of conflict in the household
- That is, the respondent reports that in terms of the the most traumatic shock experienced, some husehold members are still ‘severely affected’; or they are still ‘injured and unable to work or economically impacted, or have significant grief or trauma’; or they are still ‘somewhat affected’ –meaning there is still an impact but they are on the road to recovery.
Child MPI — dimensions, indicators, deprivation cutoffs, links to SDGs and weights
| Dimension | Indicator | Deprivation cutoff: a household is deprived if… | SDG Goal, Target or Indicator | Weight |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health | Nutrition | A household is deprived if any child under the age of 5 is moderately undernourished (i.e. stunted or underweight) or if there is any adult household member with a body mass index lower than 18.5 | 2.2.1/2 | 1/15 |
| Food Security | The household is severely food insecure according to the FIES (>=7 answers affirmatively) | 2.1.2 | 1/15 | |
| Time to healthcare | A household is deprived if it takes them 30 minutes or more to reach the nearest functional health facility or primary healthcare centre on foot | 3.8 | 1/15 | |
| Education | School attendance | A household is deprived if any child between the age of 6 and 15 years is not attending school | 4.1.1 | 3/40 |
| Years of schooling | A household is deprived if any child aged 15 years and above has completed primary school | 4.6 | 1/10 | |
| School tag | A household is deprived if any school-aged child (6-15 years of age) is educationally lagging at least two years (grades) behind | 4.1.1 | 1/40 | |
| Living Standards | Water | A household does not have access to safe drinking water (according to MDG guidelines) | 3.9.2 | 1/30 |
| Water reliability | A household is deprived if they have drinking water available for fewer than 20 days per month or for fewer than 4 hours per day | 6.1 | 1/30 | |
| Sanitation | The household’s sanitation facility is not improved (according to MDG guidelines), or it is improved but shared with other households | 3.9.2 | 1/30 | |
| Housing materials | The household has a natural/rudimentary floor, root or wall | 11.1.1 | 1/30 | |
| Cooking fuel | The household cooks with dung, wood or charcoal | 3.9.1 | 1/30 | |
| Assets | The household has fewer than two assets and does not own a car | 1 | 1/30 | |
| Work & Shocks | Unemployment | The household is deprived if any member aged 15 years and above is unemployment –not in employment, but looking for work and available for work | 8.5.2 | 2/25 |
| Underemployment | A household is deprived if at least one household member aged 15 years and above is working fewer than 40 hours per week but will do extra hours of work if given and available for extra hours of work | 8.5 | 1/25 | |
| Security shock | A household is deprived if it is experienced at least one shock, and has not recovered at least ‘mostly’ from the most severe shock experienced | 16.1.1/3/4 | 2/25 | |
| Child survival and developments | Birth attendance | A household is deprived if there is a child (0-4) whose birth did not involve a doctor/nurse/medical professional but was attended to by a traditional birth attendant | 3.1.2 | 1/40 |
| Playground | A household is deprived if children (0-4) do not have safe space outside the house where they can play | 4.2.1 | 1/40 | |
| Child engagement | A household is deprived if in the past one month no child was engaged by a household member older than 15 in at least four of the following activities: reading books; telling stories; singing songs; taken outside; mplayed with; name/count or draw | 4.1.1 | 1/40 | |
| Child care | A household is deprived if a child (0-4) in the household was left in care of a child under 10 years old for more than 1 hour in the past seven days | 4.2.1 | 1/40 | |
| Breastfeeding | A household is deprived if there is a child (0-4) in the household that was not exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life | 2.2 | 1/40 | |
| Supplement | A household is deprived if there is a child (0-4) who has not received a vitamin A supplement during the last six months | 2.1 | 1/40 | |
| Immunisation | A household is deprived if there is a child (0-4) in the household who has not received all their required immunisations | 3.8 | 1/40 | |
| Severe undernutrition | A household is deprived if there is a child (0-4) in the household who is severely undernourished | 2.1.1 | 1/40 |
Monetary Poverty
In Nigeria, poverty is determined by consumer expenditures rather than income, which is the method used by many other nations worldwide. Consumption expenditures, as opposed to income, conceptually better reflect the attainment of a specific degree of welfare (or “utility”) by a household, whereas income represents the possibility of achieving a particular level of well-being. Since household income may come from a variety of sources and vary according to the season, it can be challenging to remember and keep track of. Practically speaking, the calculation of consumption expenditures has the advantage of being relatively simpler to tabulate. But more crucially, households rarely accurately record their income, maybe due to worries about privacy or tax repercussions. The measurement of consumption using NLSS 2018-19 adopts a comprehensive approach to understanding monetary welfare. The “consumption aggregate” is the monetary value of food and non-food goods and services consumed by the household. Thus, the consumption aggregate has the following main components: Expenditures on food, from all sources, including from purchased, self-production and gifted, and meals; Schooling and education expenditures; Expenditures related to health care of household members; Housing expenditures; and Expenditures on other non-food goods and services, like clothing, small appliances, fuel, recreation, household items and repairs, etc. In order to compare household consumption across Nigeria, nominal prices are adjusted. Between areas of a country, there are significant price disparities that have an impact on nominal expenditure. To ensure the comparability of aggregate consumption across geographical areas and survey months, an adjustment deflator is calculated and applied. The price deflator for NLSS 2018-19 was obtained by constructing a Paasche index of food unit values where the relative prices are weighted by the budget share of the item from the household itself. The identification of the poor and calculation of poverty rates requires establishing a poverty line. The poor are defined as those who subsist below the poverty line, while the non-poor have consumption expenditures higher than the poverty threshold. An “absolute” poverty line is fixed in quantitative terms at a specific welfare level. It represents the minimum amount of consumption below which persons are considered poor. It also allows for measuring changes in poverty over time or across regions can be consistently tracked. The absolute poverty line for Nigeria was previously calculated in 2004 but has become outdated given the structural changes in the survey instrument and household consumption patterns.
Data Disaggregations
To enable a more granular and in-depth understanding of deprivations and multi-dimensional poverty across Nigeria, all results of the Nigeria MPI 2022 are disaggregated by urban-rural areas, zones, states, and senatorial districts. Disaggregated results can show how levels and composition of multidimensional poverty differ across Nigeria’s subnational region and allow for targeted interventions and policy-responses for each state and district, and also for children and households with people living with a disability.
Urban-Rural Disaggregation
Provide insights into multi-dimensional poverty by urban and rural areas of Nigeria.
Zonal Disaggregation
Provide insights on multidimensional poverty for each of Nigeria’s six zones: North-Central, North-East, North-West, South-East, South-West and South-South.
Age Disaggregation
Provides insights on multidimensional poverty by age range, such as adults (18+) versus children (0-17).
Disability Disaggregation
Provides insights on multi-dimensional poverty among those in a household with people living with disability (PLWD) and those without
State Disaggregation
Provides insights on multi-dimensional poverty for each of the 36 states in Nigeria (including the FCT)
Senatorial Disaggregation
Provides insights on multi-dimensional poverty for each of the 109 senatorial districs in Nigeria